Latin for Beginners by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge (bill gates books recommendations txt) 📕

cum cōnstantiā pugnat.
  G. Ubi, Mārce, est ancilla tua? Cūr nōn cēnam parat?
  M. Ancilla mea, Galba, equō lēgātī aquam et frūmentum dat.
  G. Cūr nōn servus Sextī equum dominī cūrat?
  M. Sextus et servus ad mūrum oppidī properant. Oppidānī bellum
    parant.[3]

    [Footnote 2: «habitat» is here translated does live. Note the
    three possible translations of the Latin present tense:
      «habitat»
          he lives
          he is living
          he does live
    Always choose the translation which makes the best sense.]

[Footnote 3: Observe that the verb «parō» means not only to prepare but also to prepare for, and governs the accusative case.]

[Illustration: LEGATUS CUM PILO ET TUBA]

«78.» CONVERSATION

Translate the questions and answer them in Latin.

1. Ubi fīliae Sextī habitant? 2. Quem oppidānī amant et laudant? 3. Quid ancilla equō lēgātī dat? 4. Cuius equum ancilla cūrat? 5. Quis ad mūrum cum Sextō properat? 6. Quid oppidānī parant?

LESSON X

SECOND DECLENSION (Continued)

[Special Vocabulary]

  NOUNS
  «amīcus, -ī», m., friend (amicable)
  «Germānia, -ae», f., Germany
  «patria, -ae», f., fatherland
  «populus, -ī», m., people
  «Rhēnus, -ī», m., the Rhine
  «vīcus, -ī», m., village

«79.» We have been freely using feminine adjectives, like «bona», in agreement with feminine nouns of the first declension and declined like them. Masculine adjectives of this class are declined like «dominus», and neuters like pīlum. The adjective and noun, masculine and neuter, are therefore declined as follows:

  MASCULINE NOUN AND ADJECTIVE NEUTER NOUN AND ADJECTIVE
  «dominus bonus», the good master «pīlum bonum», the good spear
    BASES domin- bon- BASES pīl- bon-

                          TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS
          SINGULAR
  Nom. do´minus bonus -us pīlum bonum -um
  Gen. dominī bonī -ī pīlī bonī -ī
  Dat. dominō bonō -ō pīlō bonō -ō
  Acc. dominum bonum -um pīlum bonum -um
  Abl. dominō bonō -ō pīlō bonō -ō
  Voc. domine bone -e pīlum bonum -um

          PLURAL
  Nom. dominī bonī -ī īla bona -a
  Gen. dominō´rum bonō´rum -ōrum īlō´rum bonō´rum -ōrum
  Dat. dominīs bonīs -is īlīs bonīs -īs
  Acc. dominōs bonōs -ōs īla bona -a
  Abl. dominīs bonīs -īs īlīs bonīs -īs

Decline together «bellum longum», «equus parvus», «servus malus», «mūrus altus», «frūmentum novum».

«80.» Observe the sentences

  «Lesbia ancilla est bona»,
    Lesbia, the maidservant, is good
  «Fīlia Lesbiae ancillae est bona»,
    the daughter of Lesbia, the maidservant, is good
  «Servus Lesbiam ancillam amat»,
    the slave loves Lesbia, the maidservant

In these sentences «ancilla», «ancillae», and «ancillam» denote the class of persons to which Lesbia belongs and explain who she is. Nouns so related that the second is only another name for the first and explains it are said to be in apposition, and are always in the same case.

«81.» RULE. «Apposition.» An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains.

«82.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285.

I. 1. Patria servī bonī, vīcus servōrum bonōrum, bone popule. 2. Populus oppidī magnī, in oppidō magnō, in oppidīs magnīs. 3. Cum pīlīs longīs, ad pīla longa, ad mūrōs lātōs. 4. Lēgāte male, amīcī legātī malī, cēna grāta dominō bonō. 5. Frūmentum equōrum parvōrum, domine bone, ad lēgātōs clārōs. 6. Rhēnus est in Germāniā, patriā meā. 7. Sextus lēgātus pīlum longum portat. 8. Oppidānī bonī Sextō lēgātō clārā pecūniam dant. 9. Malī servī equum bonum Mārcī dominī necant. 10. Galba agricola et Iūlia fīlia bona labōrant. 11. Mārcus nauta in īnsulā Siciliā habitat.

II. 1. Wicked slave, who is your friend? Why does he not praise Galba, your master? 2. My friend is from («ex») a village of Germany, my fatherland. 3. My friend does not love the people of Italy. 4. Who is caring for[1] the good horse of Galba, the farmer? 5. Mark, where is Lesbia, the maidservant? 6. She is hastening[1] to the little cottage[2] of Julia, the farmer’s daughter.

[Footnote 1: See footnote 1, p. 33. Remember that «cūrat» is transitive and governs a direct object.]

[Footnote 2: Not the dative. (Cf. §43.)]

LESSON XI ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS

[Special Vocabulary]

  NOUNS
  «arma, armōrum», n., plur., arms, especially defensive weapons
  «fāma, -ae», f., rumor; reputation, fame
  «galea, -ae», f., helmet
  «praeda, -ae», f., booty, spoils (predatory)
  «tēlum, -ī», n., weapon of offense, spear

  ADJECTIVES
  «dūrus, -a, -um», hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome
     (durable)
  «Rōmānus, -a, -um», Roman. As a noun, «Rōmānus, -ī», m., a Roman

«83.» Adjectives of the first and second declensions are declined in the three genders as follows:

          MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER
          SINGULAR
  Nom. bonus bona bonum
  Gen. bonī bonae bonī
  Dat. bonō bonae bonō
  Acc. bonum bonam bonum
  Abl. bonō bonā bonō
  Voc. bone bona bonum

        PLURAL
  Nom. bonī bonae bona
  Gen. bonōrum bonārum bonōrum
  Dat. bonīs bonīs bonīs
  Acc. bonōs bonās bona
  Abl. bonīs bonīs bonīs

    a. Write the declension and give it orally across the page, thus
    giving the three genders for each case.

    b. Decline «grātus, -a, -um»; «malus, -a, -um»; «altus, -a, -um»;
    «parvus, -a, -um».

«84.» Thus far the adjectives have had the same terminations as the nouns. However, the agreement between the adjective and its noun does not mean that they must have the same termination. If the adjective and the noun belong to different declensions, the terminations will, in many cases, not be the same. For example, «nauta», sailor, is masculine and belongs to the first declension. The masculine form of the adjective «bonus» is of the second declension. Consequently, a good sailor is «nauta bonus». So, the wicked farmer is «agricola malus». Learn the following declensions:

«85.» «nauta bonus» (bases naut- bon-), m., the good sailor

          SINGULAR
  Nom. nauta bonus
  Gen. nautae bonī
  Dat. nautae bonō
  Acc. nautam bonum
  Abl. nautā bonō
  Voc. nauta bone

          PLURAL
  Nom. nautae bonī
  Gen. nautārum bonōrum
  Dat. nautīs bonīs
  Acc. nautās bonōs
  Abl. nautīs bonīs
  Voc. nautae bonī

«86.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285.

I. 1. Est[1] in vīcō nauta bonus. 2. Sextus est amīcus nautae bonī. 3. Sextus nautae bonō galeam dat. 4. Populus Rōmānus nautam bonum laudat. 5. Sextus cum nautā bonō praedam portat. 6. Ubi, nauta bone, sunt anna et tēla lēgātī Rōmānī? 7. Nautae bonī ad bellum properant. 8. Fāma nautārum bonōrum est clāra. 9. Pugnae sunt grātae nautīs bonīs. 10. Oppidānī nautās bonōs cūrant. 11. Cūr, nautae bonī, malī agricolae ad Rhēnum properant? 12. Malī agricolae cum bonīs nautīs pugnant.

II. 1. The wicked farmer is hastening to the village with (his) booty. 2. The reputation of the wicked farmer is not good. 3. Why does Galba’s daughter give arms and weapons to the wicked farmer? 4. Lesbia invites the good sailor to dinner. 5. Why is Lesbia with the good sailor hastening from the cottage? 6. Sextus, where is my helmet? 7. The good sailors are hastening to the toilsome battle. 8. The horses of the wicked farmers are small. 9. The Roman people give money to the good sailors. 10. Friends care for the good sailors. 11. Whose friends are fighting with the wicked farmers?

[Footnote 1: «Est», beginning a declarative sentence, there is.]

[Illustration: GALEAE]

LESSON XII NOUNS IN -IUS AND -IUM

[Special Vocabulary]

  NOUNS
  «fīlius, fīlī», m., son (filial)
   fluvius, fluvī, m., river (fluent)
  «gladius, gladī», m., sword (gladiator)
  «praesidium, praesi´dī», n., garrison, guard, protection
  «proelium, proelī», n., battle

  ADJECTIVES
  «fīnitimus, -a, -um», bordering upon, neighboring, near to.
     As a noun, «fīnitimī, -ōrum», m., plur., neighbors
  «Germānus, -a, -um», German. As a noun, «Germānus, -ī», m.,
    a German
  «multus, -a, -um», much; plur., many

  ADVERB
  «saepe», often

«87.» Nouns of the second declension in «-ius» and «-ium» end in «-ī» in the genitive singular, not in «-iī», and the accent rests on the penult; as, «fīlī» from «fīlius» (son), «praesi´dī» from «praesi´dium» (garrison).

«88.» Proper names of persons in «-ius», and «fīlius», end in «-ī» in the vocative singular, not in «-ĕ», and the accent rests on the penult; as, «Vergi´lī», O Vergil; «fīlī», O son.

a. Observe that in these words the vocative and the genitive are alike.

«89.» «praesidium» (base praesidi-), «fīlius» (base fīli-),
           n., garrison m., son

          SINGULAR
  Nom. praesidium fīlius
  Gen. praesi´dī fīlī
  Dat. praesidiō fīliō
  Acc. praesidium fīlium
  Abl. praesidiō fīliō
  Voc. praesidium fīlī

The plural is regular. Note that the «-i-» of the base is lost only in the genitive singular, and in the vocative of words like «fīlius».

Decline together «praesidium parvum»; «fīlius bonus»; «fluvius longus», the long river; «proelium clārum», the famous battle.

«90.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285.

I. 1. Frūmentum bonae terrae, gladī malī, bellī longī. 2. Cōnstantia magna, praesidia magna, clāre Vergi´lī. 3. Male serve, Ō clārum oppidum, male fīlī, fīliī malī, fīlī malī. 4. Fluvī longī, fluviī longī, fluviōrum longōrum, fāma praesi´dī magnī. 5. Cum gladiīs parvīs, cum deābus clārīs, ad nautās clārōs. 6. Multōrum proeliōrum, praedae magnae, ad proelia dūra.

GERMĀNIA

II. Germānia, patria Germānōrum, est clāra terra. In Germāniā sunt fluviī multī. Rhēnus magnus et lātus fluvius Germāniae est. In silvīs lātīs Germāniae sunt