Latin for Beginners by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge (bill gates books recommendations txt) 📕

beasts with (or by) her arrows c. Julia is with Sextus d. The men fight with great steadiness

a. In sentence a, with want (of food) gives the cause of Mark’s feebleness. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the «ablative of cause»:

«Mārcus est īnfīrmus inopiā cibī»

b. In sentence b, with (or by) her arrows tells «by means of what» Diana kills the beasts. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the «ablative of means»:

«Diāna sagittīs suīs ferās necat»

c. In sentence c we are told that Julia is not alone, but «in company with» Sextus. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative with the preposition «cum», and the construction is called the «ablative of accompaniment»:

«Iūlia est cum Sextō»

d. In sentence d we are told how the men fight. The idea is one of «manner». This is expressed in Latin by the ablative with «cum», unless there is a modifying adjective present, in which case «cum» may be omitted. This construction is called the «ablative of manner»:

«Virī (cum) cōnstantiā magnā pugnant»

«101.» You are now able to form four important rules for the ablative denoting with:

«102.» RULE. «Ablative of Cause.» Cause is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question Because of what?

«103.» RULE. «Ablative of Means.» Means is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question By means of what? With what?

N.B. «Cum» must never be used with the ablative expressing cause or means.

«104.» RULE. «Ablative of Accompaniment.» Accompaniment is denoted by the ablative with «cum». This answers the question With whom?

«105.» RULE. «Ablative of Manner.» The ablative with «cum» is used to denote the manner of an action. «Cum» may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How? In what manner?

«106.» What uses of the ablative do you discover in the following passage, and what question does each answer?

The soldiers marched to the fort with great speed and broke down the gate with blows of their muskets. The inhabitants, terrified by the din, attempted to cross the river with their wives and children, but the stream was swollen with (or by) the rain. Because of this many were swept away by the waters and only a few, almost overcome with fatigue, with great difficulty succeeded in gaining the farther shore.

«107.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 286.

I. The Romans prepare for War. Rōmānī, clārus Italiae populus, bellum parant. Ex agrīs suīs, vicīs, oppidīsque magnō studiō virī validī ad arma properant. Iam lēgatī cum legiōnariīs ex Italiā ad Rhēnum, fluvium Germāniae altum et lātum, properant, et servī equīs et carrīs cibum frūmentumque ad castra Rōmāna portant. Inopiā bonōrum tēlōrum īnfirmī sunt Germānī, sed Rōmānī armāti galeīs, lōrīcīs, scūtīs, gladiīs, pīlīsque sunt validī.

II. 1. The sturdy farmers of Italy labor in the fields with great diligence. 2. Sextus, the lieutenant, and (his) son Mark are fighting with the Germans. 3. The Roman legionaries are armed with long spears. 4. Where is Lesbia, your maid, Sextus? Lesbia is with my friends in Galba’s cottage. 5. Many are sick because of bad water and for lack of food. 6. The Germans, with (their) sons and daughters, are hastening with horses and wagons.

LESSON XVI THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

«108.» There are nine irregular adjectives of the first and second declensions which have a peculiar termination in the genitive and dative singular of all genders:

MASC. FEM. NEUT. Gen. -īus -īus -īus Dat. -ī -ī -ī

Otherwise they are declined like «bonus, -a, -um». Learn the list and the meaning of each:

«alius, alia, aliud», other, another (of several) «alter, altera, alterum», the one, the other (of two) «ūnus, -a, -um», one, alone; (in the plural) only «ūllus, -a, -um», any «nūllus, -a, -um», none, no «sōlus, -a, -um», alone «tōtus, -a, -um», all, whole, entire «uter, utra, utrum», which? (of two) «neuter, neutra, neutrum», neither (of two)

«109.» PARADIGMS

SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. Nom. nūllus nūlla nūllum Gen. nūllī´us nūllī´us nūllī´us Dat. nūllī nūllī nūllī Acc. nūllum nūllam nūllum Abl. nūllō nūllā nūllō

MASC. FEM. NEUT. Nom. alius alia aliud Gen. alī´us alī´us alī´us Dat. aliī aliī aliī Acc. alium aliam aliud Abl. aliō aliā aliō

THE PLURAL IS REGULAR

a. Note the peculiar neuter singular ending in «-d» of «alius». The genitive «alīus» is rare. Instead of it use «alterīus», the genitive of «alter».

b. These peculiar case endings are found also in the declension of pronouns (see §114). For this reason these adjectives are sometimes called the «pronominal adjectives».

«110.» Learn the following idioms:

  «alter, -era, -erum» … «alter, -era, -erum», the one … the other
    (of two)
  «alius, -a, -ud» … «alius, -a, -ud», one … another (of any
    number)
  «aliī, -ae, -a» … «aliī, -ae, -a», some … others

EXAMPLES

1. «Alterum oppidum est magnum, alterum parvum», the one town is large, the other small (of two towns).

  2. «Aliud oppidum est validum, aliud īnfīrmum», one town is strong,
  another weak (of towns in general).

3. «Aliī gladiōs, aliī scūta portant», some carry swords, others shields.

«111.» EXERCISES

I. 1. In utrā casā est Iūlia? Iūlia est in neutrā casā. 2. Nūllī malō puerō praemium dat magister. 3. Alter puer est nauta, alter agricola. 4. Aliī virī aquam, aliī terram amant. 5. Galba ūnus (or sōlus) cum studiō labōrat. 6. Estne ūllus carrus in agrō meō? 7. Lesbia est ancilla alterīus dominī, Tullia alterīus. 8. Lesbia sōla cēnam parat. 9. Cēna nūllīus alterīus ancillae est bona. 10. Lesbia nūllī aliī virō cēnam dat.

NOTE. The pronominal adjectives, as you observe, regularly stand before and not after their nouns.

II. 1. The men of all Germany are preparing for war. 2. Some towns are great and others are small. 3. One boy likes chickens, another horses. 4. Already the booty of one town is in our fort. 5. Our whole village is suffering for (i.e. weak because of) lack of food. 6. The people are already hastening to the other town. 7. Among the Romans (there) is no lack of grain.

LESSON XVII THE DEMONSTRATIVE IS, EA, ID

[Special Vocabulary]

  NOUNS
  «agrī cultūra, -ae», f., agriculture
  «Gallia, -ae», f., Gaul
  «domicilīum, domīci´lī», n., dwelling place (domicile), abode
  «Gallus, -i», m., a Gaul
  «lacrima, -ae», f., tear
  «fēmina, -ae», f., woman (female)
  «numerus, -ī», m., number (numeral)

  ADJECTIVE
  «mātūrus, -a, -um», ripe, mature

  ADVERB
   quō, whither

  VERBS
   arat, he (she, it) plows (arable)
  «dēsīderat», he (she, it) misses, longs for (desire), with acc.

  CONJUNCTION
  «an», or, introducing the second half of a double question, as
    Is he a Roman or a Gaul, «Estne Romanus an Gallus?»

«112.» A demonstrative is a word that points out an object definitely, as this, that, these, those. Sometimes these words are pronouns, as, Do you hear these? and sometimes adjectives, as, Do you hear these men? In the former case they are called «demonstrative pronouns», in the latter «demonstrative adjectives».

«113.» Demonstratives are similarly used in Latin both as pronouns and as adjectives. The one used most is

  «is», masculine; «ea», feminine; «id», neuter
  SINGULAR: this, that; PLURAL: these, those

«114.» «Is» is declined as follows. Compare its declension with that of «alius», §109.

BASE «e-»

          SINGULAR PLURAL
          MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
  Nom. is ea id eī eae ea
                                (or iī)
  Gen. eius eius eius eōrum eārum eōrum
  Dat. eī eī eī eīs eīs eīs
                                (or iīs iīs iīs)
  Acc. eum eam id eōs eās ea
  Abl. eō eā eō eīs eīs eīs
                                (or iīs iīs iīs)

Note that the base «e-» changes to «i-» in a few cases. The genitive singular «eius» is pronounced eh´yus. In the plural the forms with two «i»’s are preferred and the two «i»’s are pronounced as one. Hence, pronounce «iī» as «ī» and «iīs» as «īs».

«115.» Besides being used as demonstrative pronouns and adjectives the Latin demonstratives are regularly used for the personal pronoun he, she, it. As a personal pronoun, then, «is» would have the following meanings:

  SINGULAR
  Nom. «is», he; «ea», she; «id», it
  Gen. «eius», of him or his;
         «eius», of her, her, or hers;
         «eius», of it or its
  Dat. «eī», to or for him;
         «eī», to or for her;
         «eī», to or for it
  Acc. «eum», him; «eam», her; «id», it
  Abl. «eō», with, from, etc., him;
         «eā», with, from, etc., her;
         «eō», with, from, etc., it

  PLURAL
  Nom. «eī» or «iī», «eae», «ea», they
  Gen. «eōrum», «eārum», «eōrum», of them, their
  Dat. «eīs» or «iīs», «eīs» or «iīs», «eīs» or «iīs»,
           to or for them
  Acc. «eōs, eās, ea», them
  Abl. «eīs» or «iīs», «eīs» or «iīs», «eīs» or «iīs»,
           with, from, etc., them

«116.» «Comparison between suus and is.» We learned above (§98.c) that «suus» is a reflexive possessive. When his, her (poss.), its, their, do not refer to the subject of the sentence, we express his, her, its by «eius», the genitive singular of «is», «ea», «id»; and their by the genitive plural, using «eōrum» to refer to a masculine or neuter antecedent noun and «eārum» to refer to a feminine one.

EXAMPLES

  Galba calls his (own) son,
    «Galba suum fīlium vocat»
  Galba calls his son (not his own, but another’s),
    «Galba eius fīlium vocat»
  Julia calls her (own) children,
    «Iūlia suōs līberōs vocat»
  Julia calls her children (not her own, but another’s),
    «Iūlia eius līberōs vocat»
  The men praise their (own) boys,
    «virī suōs puerōs laudant»
  The men praise their boys (not their own, but others’),
    «virī eōrum